CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24 (Out) PDF Download

Last Updated : 10 Oct, 2023

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24 Session has been released by the Central Board of Secondary Education. CBSE Class 12 syllabus includes a few modifications in certain subjects, keeping in mind the changes in the modern educational context and the latest developments in various fields. Students are advised to review the syllabus carefully to have a clear understanding of every subject and prepare accordingly for their board exams.

This Class 12 Syllabus for the academic year 2023-2024 is a comprehensive guide that provides a structured approach to learning. By following this syllabus can understand in-depth and prepare themselves for future studies. We Covered all Class 12th subjects such as Mathematics, Science, Social Science, Languages, and Skill-Based Subjects along with other topics which make students well-equipped to pursue higher studies and excel further in their future careers.

Let’s take a detailed look at the CBSE Class 12th Syllabus for the Academic year 2023-24.

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24: List of Subjects

Students of Class 12 under CBSE have to prepare for the following subjects:

Class 12 English (Core) Syllabus
Class 12 Maths Syllabus
Class 12 Physics Syllabus
Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus
Class 12 Biology Syllabus
Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus
Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus
Class 12 Computer Science Syllabus
Class 12 Economics Syllabus
Class 12 Geography Syllabus
Class 12 History Syllabus
Class 12 Informatics Practices Syllabus
Class 12 Political Science Syllabus
Class 12 Psychology Syllabus
CBSE Class 12 Sociology Syllabus

Class 12 English (Core) Syllabus 2023-24

Students are expected to have a sufficient level of language ability in English by the time they enter class XII, and the course primarily focuses on developing higher-order language abilities.
For many students, the higher secondary stage will serve as a preparation for university, where a high level of English proficiency may be necessary. For another majority of cases, however, the higher secondary level may serve as a preparation for professional admission. The Core Course should cater to both groups by promoting academic language skills as well as workplace language skills.

CBSE Class 12 English Core Detailed Syllabus:

Section A: Reading Comprehension through Unseen Passage (18 Marks)
One unseen passage to assess comprehension, interpretation inference, and vocabulary. The passage may be factual, descriptive, or literary.
One unseen case-based passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data, charts, etc. Note: The combined word limit for both passages will be 600-750.
Multiple Choice Questions / Objective Type Questions will be asked. (10+8 = 18 Marks) Note Making and Summarization based on a passage of approximately 200-250 words. Note Making: Title: 1 Numbering and indenting: 1 Key/glossary: 1 Notes: 2 Summary (up to 50 words): 3 Marks Content Expression

Section A: Reading Comprehension through Unseen Passage (18 Marks)

One unseen passage to assess comprehension, interpretation inference, and vocabulary. The passage may be factual, descriptive, or literary.

One unseen case-based passage with verbal/visual inputs like statistical data, charts, etc.

Note: The combined word limit for both passages will be 600-750.

Multiple Choice Questions / Objective Type Questions will be asked. (10+8 = 18 Marks)

Note Making and Summarization based on a passage of approximately 200-250 words.
1. Note Making:
  - Title: 1
  - Numbering and indenting: 1
  - Key/glossary: 1
  - Notes: 2
2. Summary (up to 50 words): 3 Marks
  - Content
  - Expression

Section B
Grammar	Questions on Gap filling (Tenses, Clauses) Questions on re-ordering/transformation of sentences (Total seven questions to be done out of the eight given).
Creative Writing Skills	Short writing task – Classified Advertisements up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions to be answered (3 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 1 / Expression: 1) Short writing task –Poster up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions is to be answered.(3marks: Format: 1 / Content: 1 / Expression: 1) Writing a Speech in 120-150 words based on verbal/visual cues related to some contemporary / age-appropriate topic. Writing a Debate based on visual/verbal inputs in 120-150 words. The theme should be contemporary topical issues. One out of the two given questions is to be answered. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 2 / Expression: 2)

Section B

Grammar

Questions on Gap filling (Tenses, Clauses)
Questions on re-ordering/transformation of sentences
(Total seven questions to be done out of the eight given).

Creative Writing Skills

Short writing task – Classified Advertisements up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions to be answered (3 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 1 / Expression: 1)
Short writing task –Poster up to 50 words. One out of the two given questions is to be answered.(3marks: Format: 1 / Content: 1 / Expression: 1)
Writing a Speech in 120-150 words based on verbal/visual cues related to some contemporary / age-appropriate topic.
Writing a Debate based on visual/verbal inputs in 120-150 words. The theme should be contemporary topical issues. One out of the two given questions is to be answered. (5 Marks: Format: 1 / Content: 2 / Expression: 2)

Section C
Section 1: Reference to the Context	One Poetry extracts out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (3××1=3 Marks) One Prose extract out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (3××1=3 Marks) One prose extracts out of two from the book Snapshots to assess comprehension, interpretation and analysis. (4××1=4 Marks)
Section 2: Two Short answer type questions (one from Prose and one from Poetry from the book Hornbill), out of four, to be answered in 40-50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. (3××2=6 Marks)
Section 3: One Short answer type question, from the book Snapshots, to be answered In 40- 50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (3××1=3 Marks)
Section 4: One Long answer type question, from Prose/Poetry Hornbill, to be answered in 120-150 words. Questions can be based on incident/theme/passage/extract/event as reference points to assess extrapolation beyond and across the text. The question will elicit an analytical and evaluative response from the student. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1××6=6 Marks)
Section 5: One Long answer type question, based on the chapters from the book Snapshots to be answered in 120-150 words to assess global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the text. Questions to provide evaluative and analytical responses using incidents, events, and themes as reference points. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1××6=6 Marks)

Section C

Section 1:

Reference to the Context

One Poetry extracts out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (3××1=3 Marks)
One Prose extract out of two from the book Hornbill to assess comprehension, interpretation, analysis and appreciation. (3××1=3 Marks)
One prose extracts out of two from the book Snapshots to assess comprehension, interpretation and analysis. (4××1=4 Marks)

Section 2:

Two Short answer type questions (one from Prose and one from Poetry from the book Hornbill), out of four, to be answered in 40-50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. (3××2=6 Marks)

Section 3:

One Short answer type question, from the book Snapshots, to be answered In 40- 50 words. Questions should elicit inferential responses through critical thinking. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (3××1=3 Marks)

Section 4:

One Long answer type question, from Prose/Poetry Hornbill, to be answered in 120-150 words. Questions can be based on incident/theme/passage/extract/event as reference points to assess extrapolation beyond and across the text. The question will elicit an analytical and evaluative response from the student. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1××6=6 Marks)

Section 5:

One Long answer type question, based on the chapters from the book Snapshots to be answered in 120-150 words to assess global comprehension and extrapolation beyond the text. Questions to provide evaluative and analytical responses using incidents, events, and themes as reference points. Any 1 out of 2 questions to be done. (1××6=6 Marks)

This section will have a variety of assessment items including Multiple Choice Questions, Objective Type Questions, Short Answer Type Questions and Long Answer Type Questions to assess comprehension, analysis, interpretation and extrapolation beyond the text.

Class 12 Maths Syllabus 2023-24

Class 12 Maths curriculum is the foundation course for various competitive exams like JEE, NEET, Olympiads, etc. Therefore, GeeksforGeeks presented all the concepts covered in various numbers of the article that covers the whole syllabus of CBSE class 12 Maths in detail, along with every chapter categorized into relevant topics prescribed by the CBSE board and as per the syllabus given in NCERT Class 12 Maths textbooks.

CBSE Class 12 Maths Detailed Syllabus:

Chapters Name	Important Covered Topics In Particular Chapters
Chapter 1: Relations and Functions	Introduction Types of Relations Types of Functions Composition of Functions and Invertible Function Binary Operations
Chapter 2: Inverse Trigonometric Functions	Introduction Basic Concepts Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 3: Matrices	Matrix Types of Matrices Operations on Matrices Transpose of a Matrix Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix Invertible Matrices
Chapter 4: Determinants	Determinant Properties of Determinants Area of a Triangle Minors and Cofactors Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix Applications of Determinants and Matrices
Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability	Continuity Differentiability Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Logarithmic Differentiation Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms Second Order Derivative Mean Value Theorem
Chapter 7: Application of Derivatives	Critical Points Derivatives as Rate of Change Increasing and Decreasing Functions Increasing and Decreasing Intervals Tangents and Normals Equation of Tangents and Normals Relative Minima and Maxima Absolute Minima and Maxima Concave Function Inflexion Points Approximations & Maxima and Minima – Application of Derivatives Higher Order Derivatives
Chapter 7: Integrals	Introduction to Integrals Integration by Substitution Integration by Partial Fractions Integration by Parts Integration using Trigonometric Identities Functions defined by Integrals Definite integrals Computing Definite Integrals Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution Properties of Definite Integrals Definite integrals of piecewise functions
Chapter 8: Application of Integrals	Areas under Simple Curves Area Between Two curves
Chapter 9: Differential Equations	Basic Concepts of differential equations Particular Solutions to Differential Equations Homogeneous Differential Equations Separable Differential Equations Exact equations and integrating factors
Chapter 10: Vector Algebra	Introduction to Vector Algebra Operations on vectors Dot and Cross Products of Vectors
Chapter 11: Three-Dimensional Geometry	Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios Equation of a Line in 3D Angle between Two Lines in 3D Space Short Distance between Two Lines Plane Conditions for two lines to be coplanar Angle between Two Planes Distance of a Point from a Plane Angle between a Line and a Plane
Chapter 12: Linear Programming	Introduction Formulation of Linear Programming Problems Solution of Linear Programming Problems using Graphical Methods
Chapter 13: Probability	Conditional Probability Multiplication Theorem Dependent and Independent Events Bayes’ Theorem Probability Distribution Binomial Random Variables and Binomial Distribution Binomial Mean and Standard Deviation Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution

Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2023-24

The Physics Syllabus has changed over time to reflect the evolution of the subject and the changing needs of society. Senior Secondary is a stepping stone for students who want to pursue higher education in Physics or pursue professional courses such as Engineering, Physical and Biological Science, Commerce, or Computer Applications.

The current revised syllabus was created in accordance with the National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the guidelines provided by the Focus Group on Teaching of Physics in 2005, with the goal of meeting the evolving needs of all student groups. Greater emphasis has been placed on the application of various concepts, which has been motivated by real-life situations and other subject areas.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Detailed Syllabus:

Chapters Name	Important Covered Topics In Particular Chapters
Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields	Electric Charge Conductors and Insulators Charging by Induction Basic Properties of Electric Charge Coulomb’s Law Electric Field Electric Field Lines Electric Flux Electric Dipole Continuous Charge Distribution Gauss’s Law Applications of Gauss’s Law
Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance	Electrostatic Potential Potential Due to a Point Charge Potential Due to an Electric Dipole Potential Due to a System of Charges Equipotential Surfaces Potential Energy of a System of Charges Potential Energy in an External Field Electrostatics of Conductors Dielectrics and Polarisation Capacitors and Capacitance The Parallel Plate Capacitor Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance Combination of Capacitors Energy Stored in a Capacitor
Chapter 3: Current Electricity	Electric Current Electric Currents in Conductors Ohm’s Law Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity Limitations of Ohm’s Law Temperature Dependence of Resistivity Electrical Energy, Power Combination of Resistors — Series and Parallel Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance Cells in Series and in Parallel Kirchhoff’s Rules Wheatstone Bridge Meter Bridge Potentiometer
Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism	Magnetic Force Motion in a Magnetic Field Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields Magnetic Field Due to a Current Element Biot-savart Law Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop Ampere’s Circuital Law The Solenoid and the Toroid Force Between Two Parallel Currents conductors Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole The Moving Coil Galvanometer
Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter	Magnetism and Gauss’s Law The Earth’s Magnetism Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity Magnetic Properties of Materials Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction	The Experiments of Faraday and Henry Magnetic Flux Faraday’s Law of Induction Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy Motional Electromotive Force Energy Consideration: a Quantitative Study Eddy Currents Inductance Ac Generator
Chapter 7: Alternating Current	Ac Voltage Applied to a Resistor Representation of Ac Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors — Phasors Ac Voltage Applied to an Inductor Ac Voltage Applied to a Capacitor Ac Voltage Applied to a Series Lcr Circuit Power in Ac Circuit: the Power Factor Lc Oscillations Transformers
Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves	Displacement Current Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum
Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments	Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors Refraction Total Internal Reflection Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses Refraction Through a Prism Optical Instruments
Chapter 10 Wave Optics	Huygens Principle Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens Principle Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment Diffraction Polarisation
Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter	Electron Emission Photoelectric Effect Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation Particle Nature of Light: the Photon Wave Nature of Matter Davisson and Germer Experiment
Chapter 12: Atoms	Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom Atomic Spectra Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
Chapter 13: Nuclei	Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus Size of the Nucleus Mass-energy and Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclear Force Radioactivity Nuclear Energy
Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits	Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor P-n Junction Semiconductor Diode Special Purpose P-n Junction Diodes Digital Electronics and Logic Gates

Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2023-24

The Chemistry Syllabus has changed over time to reflect the evolution of the subject and the changing needs of society. Senior Secondary is a stepping stone for students who want to pursue higher education in Chemistry or pursue professional courses such as Engineering, Physical and Biological Science, Commerce, or Computer Applications. The current revised syllabus was created in accordance with the National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the guidelines provided by the Focus Group on Teaching of Chemistry in 2005, with the goal of meeting the evolving needs of all student groups. Greater emphasis has been placed on the application of various concepts, which has been motivated by real-life situations and other subject areas.

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Detailed Syllabus:

Chapters Name	Important Covered Topics In Particular Chapters
Unit 1: The Solid State	General Characteristics of Solid State Amorphous and Crystalline Solids Classification of Crystalline Solids Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell Close Packed Structures Packing Efficiency Imperfections in Solids Electrical Properties Magnetic Properties
Unit 2: Solutions	Types of solutions Expression of Concentration of solutions of solids in liquids Solubility of Gases in Liquids Solid solutions Raoult’s law Colligative properties and Determination of molecular masses using colligative properties Osmosis and Osmotic pressure Abnormal Molecular Mass Van’t Hoff factor
Unit 3: Electrochemistry	Redox Reactions EMF of a cell Standard electrode potential Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell Conductance in electrolytic solutions Specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration Kohlrausch’s Law Electrolysis and Law of Electrolysis Dry cell Galvanic cells Fuel Cells Corrosion
Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics	Rate of a Chemical Reaction Factors affecting rate of reaction Integrated Rate equations and half-life Concept of Collision Theory Activation energy Arrhenius equation
Unit 5: Surface Chemistry	Adsorption Adsorption vs. Absorption Catalysis Colloids Classification of Colloids Emulsions
Unit 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements	Occurrence of Metals Concentration of Ores Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy Oxidation Reduction Refining Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
Unit 7: The p-Block Elements	Group 15 Elements Dinitrogen Ammonia Oxides of Nitrogen Nitric Acid Phosphorus – Allotropic Forms Phosphine Phosphorus Halides Oxoacids of Phosphorus Group 16 Elements Oxygen Simple Oxides Ozone Sulphur – Allotropic Forms Sulphur Dioxide Oxoacids of Sulphur Sulphuric Acid Group 17 Elements Chlorine Hydrogen Chloride Oxoacids of Halogens Interhalogen Compounds Group 18 elements- Noble Gases
Unit 8: d- and f-Block Elements	General Introduction and Position in the periodic table Electronic Configuration of d- and f- Block Elements General properties of the transition elements Lanthanoids Actinoids Some applications of d and f-block elements
Unit 9: Coordination Compounds	Coordination Compounds and Important terms in coordination compounds IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds Bonding in metal carbonyls Werner’s theory Valence bond theory in coordination Compounds Crystal field theory Isomerism in coordination compounds Geometric and optical isomerism Importance and applications of coordination compounds
Unit 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	Introduction and Classification of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Nomenclature and Nature of C-X bond Methods of preparation Reactions of Haloarenes Physical properties Chemical Properties Polyhalogen compounds
Unit 11: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers	Introduction Nomenclature Chemical Reactions Physical Properties Preparation of alcohols Preparation of phenols Preparation of ethers Some commercially important alcohols
Unit 12: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids	Nomenclature and structure of carbonyl group Physical properties of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Preparation of aldehydes and ketones Nucleophilic addition reaction Uses of aldehydes and ketones Nomenclature and structure of carboxyl group Methods of preparation of carboxylic acids Chemical Reactions and Uses of Carboxylic Acids
Unit 13: Amines	Nomenclature of Amines Classification of Amines Preparation of amines Physical properties of Amines Chemical reactions of amines Diazonium salts
Unit 14: Biomolecules	Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Amino acids Structure of proteins Enzymes Vitamins Nucleic acids
Unit 15: Polymers	Polymers Classification of Polymers Types of Polymerisation Reactions Molecular Mass of Polymers Biodegradable Polymers Polymers of Commercial Importance
Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life	Drugs and their Classification Drug-Target Interaction Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs Chemicals in Food Cleansing Agents

Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2023-24

The Biology Syllabus has changed over time to reflect the evolution of the subject and the changing needs of society. Senior Secondary is a stepping stone for students who want to pursue higher education in Biology or pursue professional courses such as Engineering, Physical and Biological Science, Commerce, or Computer Applications. The current revised syllabus was created in accordance with the National Curriculum Framework 2005 and the guidelines provided by the Focus Group on Teaching of Biology in 2005, with the goal of meeting the evolving needs of all student groups. Greater emphasis has been placed on the application of various concepts, which has been motivated by real-life situations and other subject areas.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Detailed Syllabus:

Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit I Reproduction	Reproduction in Organisms Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Human Reproduction Reproductive Health
Unit II Genetics and Evolution	Principles of Inheritance and Variation Molecular Basis of Inheritance Evolution
Unit III Biology in human welfare	Human Health and Disease Strategies for Enhancement in 165 Food Production Microbes in Human Welfare
Unit IV Biotechnology	Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Biotechnology and its Applications
Unit V Ecology	Organisms and Populations Ecosystem Biodiversity and Conservation Environmental Issues

Chapters Name	Important Covered Topics In Particular Chapters
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms	Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Pre-fertilisation Events Post-fertilisation Events Embryogenesis
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Animals	Flower – A Fascinating Organ Of Angiosperms Pre-fertilization: Structures And Events Androecium Stamen The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule), And Embryo Sac Pollination Double Fertilisation Post-fertilization: Structures And Events Apomixis And Polyembryony
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction	The Male Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Menstrual Cycle Fertilisation And Implantation Pregnancy And Embryonic Development Parturition And Lactation
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health	Population Stabilisation And Birth Control Medical Termination Of Pregnancy (MTP) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIS) Infertility
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation	Inheritance Of One Gene Mendel’s Law Law Of Dominance And Law Of Segregation Inheritance Of Two Genes Law Of Independent Assortment Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance Linkage Recombination Polygenic Inheritance Pleiotropy Sex Determination Mutation Pedigree Analysis Mendelian Disorders Chromosomal Disorders
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance	The DNA – Structure Of Polynucleotide Chain Packaging Of DNA Helix The Search For Genetic Material The Genetic Material Is DNA Properties Of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA) RNA Replication The Experimental Proof Of DNA Replication The Machinery And The Enzymes Transcription Types Of RNA And The Process Of Transcription Genetic Code Mutations And Genetic Code t RNA– The Adapter Molecule Translation Regulation Of Gene Expression The Lac Operon Human Genome Project DNA Fingerprinting
Chapter 7: Evolution	Origin Of Life Evolution Of Life Forms – A Theory What Are The Evidences For Evolution? What Is Adaptive Radiation? Biological Evolution Mechanism Of Evolution Hardy-Weinberg Principle A Brief Account Of Evolution Origin And Evolution Of Man
Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease	Common Diseases In Humans Immunity Innate And Acquired Immunity AIDS Vaccaniation And Immuniation Cancer Drugs And Alcohol Abuse Adolescence And Drug/Alcohol Abuse Addiction And Dependence Prevention And Control
Chapter 9: Strategies For Enhancement in Food Production	Animal Husbandry Management Of Farms And Farm Animals Animal Breeding Bee-keeping Fisheries Plant Bleeding Single Cell Protein (SCP) Tissue Culture
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare	Microbes In Household Products Microbes In Industrial Products Microbes In Sewage Treatment Microbes In the Production Of Biogas Microbes As Biocontrol Agents Microbes As Biofertilisers
Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Process	Restriction Enzymes Cloning Vectors Competent Host (for Transformation With Recombinant DNA) Processes Of Recombinant DNA Technology Insertion Of Recombinant DNA
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Application	Biotechnological Applications In Agriculture Genetically Engineered Insulin Gene Therapy Molecular Diagnosis Transgenic Animals Ethical Issues
Chapter 12: Organisms and Populations	Organism And Its Environment Major Abiotic Factors Responses To Abiotic Factors Adaptations Population Attributes Population Growth Life History Variation Population Interactions Predation Competition Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism
Chapter 13: Ecosystem	Ecosystem – Structure And Function Productivity Decomposition Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids Ecological Succession Succession Of Plants Nutrient Cycling Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle Ecosystem Services
Chapter 14: Biodiversity and Its Conservation	How Many Species Are There On Earth And How Many In India? Patterns Of Biodiversity The Importance Of Species Diversity To The Ecosystem Loss Of Biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation
Chapter 15: Environmental Issues	Air Pollution And Its Control Water Pollution And Its Control Solid Wastes Agro-chemicals And Their Effects Radioactive Wastes Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Ozone Depletion In The Stratosphere Degradation By Improper Resource Utilisation And Maintenance Deforestation

Evaluation Scheme		Marks
One Major Experiment 5		5
One Minor Experiment 2 & 3		4
Slide Preparation 1, & 4		5
Spotting		7
Practical Record + Viva Voce	(Credit to the student’s work over the academic session may be given)	4
Investigatory Project and its Project Record + Viva Voce		5
Total		30

A. List of Experiments 60 Periods
Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination.
Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
Prepare a temporary mount of the onion root tip to study mitosis.
Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

B. Careful observation of the following (Spotting)
Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph.
Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
Meiosis in onion bud cells or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
Mendelian inheritance uses seeds of different colours/sizes of any plant.
Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow’s peak and colourblindness.
Controlled pollination – emasculation, tagging and bagging.
Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and any fungus-causing ringworm through permanent slides, models or virtual images. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) were found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) were found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.

Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus 2023-24

Accountancy is a practice through which business transactions are recorded, classified, and reported for the proper and successful running of an organization. The detailed syllabus of Accountancy class 12 covers every important topic like Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organisations, Partnership, Admission of a Partner, Retirement of a Partner, Issue of Shares, Issue of Debentures, Financial Statements of a Company, Cash Flow Statement, Computerised Accounting of a Company and so on.

CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Detailed Syllabus:

PART – A (ACCOUNTING FOR PARTNERSHIP FIRMS AND COMPANIES)
Chapter Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 1: Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organization	Accounting for Non-for-Profit Organization: Introduction Financial Statement of Not-for-Profit Organization: Receipt and Payment Account Not-for-Profit Organisations- Features and Financial Statements Difference Between Not for Profit Organisation and Profit Earning Organisation Income and Expenditure Account of a Not for Profit Organisation Difference between Receipt and Payment Account And Income and Expenditure Account Financial Statement of Not-for-Profit Organization: Balance Sheet Accounting Treatment of Subscriptions and Expenses Accounting Treatment of Consumable Items: Stationery and Sports Material Accounting Treatment: Admission or Entrance Fees, Donation and Legacies, Grants from Government, Sale of Fixed Assets, Life Membership Fees Fund based Accounting Receipt and Payment Account for Not for Profit Organisation Income & Expenditure Account: Accounting Treatment Balance Sheet for Not for Profit Organisation Practical Questions on Balance sheet for Not for Profit Organisation Practical Questions on Receipt & Payment Account
Chapter 2: Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts	Introduction to Accounting for Partnership Partnership Deed and Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 Difference between Limited Liability Partnership and Partnership Firm Accounting Treatment for Interest on Partner’s Capital Interest on Drawing in case of Partnership Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Loan, Rent Paid to a Partner, Commission Payable to a Partner, Manager’s Commission on Net Profit Introduction to Profit and Loss Appropriation Account Difference between Profit and Loss Account And Profit and Loss Appropriation Account Capital Accounts of the Partner: Fixed Capital Method Capital Accounts of the Partner: Fluctuating Capital Method Difference between Fixed Capital Account and Fluctuating Capital Account Past Adjustments in Partnership Guarantee of Minimum Profit to a Partner
Chapter 3: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio	Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Meaning, Reasons, Change in Profit Sharing Ratio amongst the Existing Partner and Sacrificing Partner Ratio and Gaining Partner Ratio Goodwill: Meaning, Factors Affecting Goodwill and Need for Valuation Methods of Valuation of Goodwill Average Profit Method of Calculating Goodwill Super Profit Method of Calculating Goodwill Capitalisation Method of Calculating Goodwill Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio Change in Profit Sharing Ratio: Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities: Change in Profit Sharing Ratio Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of change in Profit Sharing Ratio (Fixed Capital) Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of change in Profit Sharing Ratio (Fluctuating Capital) Adjustment in Existing Partner’s Capital Account in case of Change in Profit Sharing Ratio
Chapter 4: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner	Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner Computation of New Profit Sharing Ratio: Admission of a Partner Computation of Sacrificing Ratio in case of Admission of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Admission of a Partner Hidden Goodwill: Admission of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Admission of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Admission of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve: Admission of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Admission of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account: Admission of a Partner (Fixed Capital) Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account: Admission of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital) Preparation of Revaluation Account, Capital Account and Balance Sheet Adjustment of Partner’s Capital Account: Admission of a Partner
Chapter 5: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Retirement or Death of a Partner	Retirement of a Partner in case of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm Computation of New Profit Sharing Ratio: Retirement of a Partner Calculation of Gaining Ratio: Retirement of a Partner Difference between Sacrificing Ratio and Gaining Ratio Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Retirement of a Partner Hidden Goodwill in case of Retirement of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Retirement of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Retirement of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve in case of Retirement of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Retirement of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner (Fixed Capital) Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital) Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner when Full Amount is Paid Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner: Amount Paid in Instalment Settlement of Amount due to a Retiring Partner: Transferred to Loan Account Adjustment of Capital Account in case of Retirement of a Partner Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm in case of Death of a Partner Calculation of Share of Profit up to the Date of Death of a Partner Adjustment of Interest on Deceased Partner’s Capital, Deceased Partner’s Share in Goodwill and Accumulated Profits and Reserves Accounting Treatment of Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities in case of Death of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits and Reserves in case of Death of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Workmen Compensation Reserve in case of Death of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Investment Fluctuation Fund in case of Death of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Death of a Partner (Fixed Capital) Accounting Treatment of Partner’s Capital Account in case of Death of a Partner (Fluctuating Capital) Accounting Treatment of Amount Due to Deceased Partner Accounting Treatment of Joint Life Policy in case of Death of a Partner Accounting Treatment of Individual Life Policy in case of Death of a Partner
Chapter 6: Dissolution of Partnership Firm	Dissolution of a Partnership Firm: Meaning, Modes of Dissolution, Modes of Settlement of accounts (Section 48) Difference between Dissolution of Firm and Dissolution of Partnership Difference between Firm’s Debt and Private Debt Dissolution of Partnership: Realisation Account Difference between Realisation Account and Revaluation Account Accounting treatment of Accumulated Profits, Reserves, and Losses in case of Dissolution of Firm Dissolution of Firm: Partner’s Capital Account Dissolution of Firm: Cash or Bank Account Dissolution of Partnership Firm: Meaning and Example Accounting Treatment of Goodwill in case of Dissolution of Firm Accounting Treatment of Joint Life Policy in case of Dissolution of a Firm Accounting Treatment of Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities in case of Dissolution of a firm Dissolution of Firm: Rebate on Bills Payable/Creditors and Commission or Remuneration Payable to a Partner Dissolution of Firm: Partner’s Current Account Dissolution of Firm: Taking Over of Business by a Partner Dissolution of Firm: Memorandum Balance Sheet
Chapter 7: Accounting for Share Capital	Company and its Types Difference between Public Company and Private Company Types of Shares Difference between Preference Shares and Equity Shares Share Capital: Meaning, Kinds, and Presentation of Share Capital in Company’s Balance Sheet Difference between Capital Reserve and Reserve Capital Accounting for Share Capital: Issues of Shares for Cash Issue of Shares At Par: Accounting Entries Issue of Shares at Premium: Accounting Entries Issue of Share for Consideration other than Cash: Accounting for Share Capital Issue of Shares: Accounting Entries on Full Subscription with Share Application Calls in Arrear: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares Calls in Advance: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares Oversubscription of Shares: Accounting Treatment Oversubscription of Shares: Pro-rata Allotment Oversubscription of Shares: Pro-rata Allotment with Calls in Arrear Forfeiture of Shares: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares Accounting Entries on Re-issue of Forfeited Shares Disclosure of Share Capital in the Balance Sheet: Accounting Entries on Issue of Shares
Chapter 8: Issue and Redemption of Debentures	Issue of Debentures: Meaning, Characteristics, Purpose of Issuing Debentures and Example Types of Debentures Difference between Shares and Debentures Issue of Debentures Issue of Debentures: Accounting Treatment of Issue of Debenture and Presentation of debentures in balance sheet (with format) Issue of Debenture at Par and Premium Issue of Debentures for Consideration other than Cash Issue of Debenture as Collateral Security Interest on Debentures Redemption of Debentures Redemption of Debentures: Meaning, Sources and Rules regarding Redemption Redemption of Debentures in case of Lump-Sum Redemption of Debentures in case of Installment Redemption of Debentures in case of Purchase of Own Debentures Redemption of Debentures: Conversion into Shares or New Debentures

PART – B (FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS)
Chapter Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 1: Financial Statements of a Company	Introduction to Financial Statement Objectives and Characteristics of Financial Statements Financial Statement of a Company: Balance Sheet Profit and Loss Account: Meaning, Format and General instructions for preparation of Profit and Loss Account
Chapter 2: Analysis of Financial Statements	Introduction to Financial Analysis Financial Analysis: Objective, Methods, and Process Financial Analysis: Need, Types, and Limitations Financial Analysis: Uses, Importance, Limitations Comparative Statement: Meaning, Importance and Techniques of Presenting Financial Statements Comparative Balance Sheet: Objectives, Advantages and Format of Comparative Balance Sheet Comparative Income Statement: Objectives, Advantages and Preparation and Format of Comparative Income Statement Introduction to Common Size Statement Common Size Income Statement: Objectives, Preparation, Format of Common Size Statement Common Size Balance Sheet: Meaning, Objectives and Format of Common Size Balance Sheet
Chapter 3: Accounting Ratios	Ratio Analysis- Importance, Advantages and Limitations Types of Accounting Ratios Liquidity Ratio: Meaning, Types, Formula and Illustrations Current Ratio: Meaning, Significance and Examples Liquid/Quick Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples Solvency Ratio: Meaning, Formula, and Significance Debt Ratio Debt-Equity Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples Total Assets to Debt Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Examples Proprietary Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples Interest Coverage Ratio Activity Ratio: Meaning, Formula and Significance Turnover Ratio Activity Ratio – II Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio Trade Payable Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples Working Capital Turnover Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples Profitability Ratio or Income Ratio Overall Profitability Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance, and Examples Gross Profit Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples Operating Ratio Operating Profit Ratio: Meaning, Formula, Significance and Examples Net Profit Ratio Return on Investment (ROI): Meaning, Formula, Significance and Illustrations Ratio Analysis Formula
Chapter 4: Cash Flow Statement	What is a Cash Flow Statement? Cash Flow Statement: Objectives, Importance and Limitations Cash Flow Statement – Part II Classification of Business Activities in Cash Flow: Operating, Investing and Financing Activities Cash Flow from Operating Activities Treatment of Special Items in Cash Flow Statement Treatment of Special Items in Cash Flow Statement-II Examples of Cash Flow from Operating Activities Cash Flow from Investing Activities Cash Flow from Financing Activities Cash Flow Statement: Two Examples

OR PART – B (COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING)
Chapter Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 1: Overview of Computerised Accounting System	Sourcing of Accounting Software Computerised Accounting System Computerized Accounting System – Meaning, Features, Advantages and Disadvantages Difference between Manual and Computerised Accounting Difference between Management Information System (MIS) and Accounting Information System (AIS) Evolution and Features of Computerised Accounting Computer and its Components Computer System in Accounting
Chapter 2: Accounting Application of Electronic Spreadsheet	Concept of Electronic Spreadsheet Features offered by Electronic Spreadsheet Application in generating accounting information: Bank Reconciliation Statement, Asset Accounting, Loan Repayment of Loan Schedule, and Ratio Analysis Data Representation: Graphs, Charts, and Diagrams
Chapter 3: Using a Computerised Accounting System	Steps in the installation of CAS, codification and Hierarchy of account heads, creation of accounts Data: Entry, Validation and Verification Adjusting Entries, Preparation of Balance Sheet, Profit and Loss Account with Opening and Closing Entries Need and Security features of the system

Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus 2023-24

Business Studies is a study of how to control and manage an organization effectively and efficiently. The detailed syllabus of Class 12 Business Studies covers every important topic, like Functions of Management, Principles of Management, Marketing, Stock Exchange, Training, Recruiting, Planning, and many more.

CBSE Class 12 Business Studies detailed Syllabus:

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management	What is Management? Concept, Characteristics, Objectives, Importance and Functions Difference between Effectiveness and Efficiency Nature of Management as a Science, Art and Profession Levels of Management Functions of Management- Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Controlling Coordination – The Essence of Management \| Concept, Features and Importance Difference between Coordination and Cooperation
Chapter 2: Principles of Management	Nature and Significance of Principles of Management 14 Principles of Management by Henri Fayol Difference between Unity of Command and Unity of Direction Principles of Scientific Management Techniques of Scientific Management Difference between Time Study and Motion Study Difference between Fayol and Taylor Theories of Management
Chapter 3: Business Environment	Features and Importance of Business Environment Dimensions of Business Environment Economic Environment in India New Industrial Policy and its impact on the Business Concept and Features of Demonetization
Chapter 4: Planning	Features, Importance and Limitations of Planning Planning Process: Concept and Steps Types of Plans: Standing Plan and Single-use Plan Difference between Standing Plans and Single-Use Plans Difference between Policies and Objectives Difference between Policies and Strategy Difference between Policies and Procedures Difference between Procedures and Methods Difference between Procedures and Rules Difference between Policies and Rules Difference between Rules and Methods
Chapter 5: Organising	Organising- Meaning, Importance and Process Types of Organisation Structure Difference between Functional Structure and Divisional Structure Formal and Informal Organisation Difference between Formal and Informal Organisation Elements and Importance of Delegation Difference between Authority, Responsibility and Accountability Centralization and Decentralization Difference between Centralisation and Decentralisation Difference between Delegation and Decentralisation
Chapter 6: Staffing	Features and Importance of Staffing Staffing and Human Resource Management Staffing Process Sources of Recruitment (Internal and External: Meaning, Merits and Demerits) Difference between Internal Recruitment and External Recruitment Steps in Selection Process Difference between Recruitment and Selection Importance of Training and Development to Organisation and Employees Methods of Training: On-the-Job Methods and Off-the-Job Methods Difference between On-the-Job Training Methods and Off-the-Job Training Methods Difference between Training and Development Difference between Training, Development and Education
Chapter 7: Directing	Directing: Meaning, Characteristics and Importance Principles and Elements of Directing Importance of Supervision Features and Importance of Motivation Process of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Financial and Non-Financial Incentives Difference between Financial and Non-financial Incentives Features and Importance of Leadership Types of Leadership Styles 10 Qualities of a Good Leader Difference between a Manager and a Leader Nature and Importance of Communication Elements of Communication Process Communication Channels \| Formal and Informal Formal Communication: Meaning, Types, Networks, Merits and Demerits Informal Communication: Meaning, Networks, Merits and Demerits Barriers to Effective Communication Measures to improve Communication Effectiveness
Chapter 8: Controlling	Controlling: Nature, Importance, and Limitations Relationship between Planning and Controlling Process of Controlling

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 9: Financial Management	Role and Objectives of Financial Management Kinds of Financial Decisions Investment Decision: Meaning and Factors affecting Investment Decision Financing Decision: Meaning and Factors affecting Financing Decision Dividend Decision: Meaning and Factors affecting Dividend Decision Financial Planning: Objectives and Importance What is Capital Structure Factors affecting the choice of Capital Structure What is Fixed Capital and Working Capital? Fixed Capital: Meaning, Importance and Factors Affecting Requirement of Fixed Capital Working Capital: Meaning, Types, Operating Cycle and Factors Affecting the Working Capital
Chapter 10: Financial Markets	Financial Market: Meaning, Functions, and Classification Instruments of Money Market What is Capital Market? Difference between Money Market and Capital Market What are the different Methods of Floatation of Securities in Primary Market? Difference between Primary Market and Secondary Market What is Stock Exchange? Trading Procedure on a Stock Exchange 12 Common Terms in Stock Exchange Depository System: Meaning, Services and Constituents Dematerialisation of Securities (Demat Account): Benefits and Working What is National Stock Exchange of India (NSEI)? What is Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI)? Difference between NSEI and OTCEI Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI): Objectives and Functions
Chapter 11: Marketing	Marketing: Features and Functions Difference between Marketing and Selling Marketing Management Philosophies What is Marketing Mix? What is Product Mix? Classification of Products Difference between Convenience Products, Shopping Products and Speciality Products Difference between Consumer Products and Industrial Products What is Branding? Packaging: Levels, Importance and Functions What is Labelling? Price Mix: Meaning and Factors Affecting Price Determination What is Place/Physical Distribution Mix? Types of Distribution Channels Factors Determining Choice of Channels of Distribution Components of Physical Distribution What is Promotion Mix? Advertising: Features, Merits and Demerits Objections to Advertising Personal Selling: Features, Merits and Role Qualities of a Good Salesman Difference between Advertising and Personal Selling Sales Promotion: Merits, Demerits and Activities/ Techniques What is Public Relations?
Chapter 12: Consumer Protection	Consumer Protection: Meaning, Importance and Means Consumer Rights and Responsibilities Who is a Consumer? Consumer Protection Act 1986 v/s Consumer Protection Act 2019 Redressal Agencies under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 Remedies available to Consumers under Consumer Protection Act 2019
Unit 13: Project Work	It Includes all practical work and Projects.

Class 12 Computer Science Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Computer Science Detailed Syllabus:

Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming	Revision of Python topics covered in Class XI. Functions: types of function (built-in functions, functions defined in module, user-defined functions), creating user-defined function, arguments and parameters, default parameters, positional parameters, function returning value(s), flow of execution, scope of a variable (global scope, local scope) Introduction to files, types of files (Text file, Binary file, CSV file), relative and absolute paths Text file: opening a text file, text file open modes (r, r+, w, w+, a, a+), closing a text file, opening a file using with clause, writing/appending data to a text file using write() and writelines(), reading from a text file using read(), readline() and readlines(), seek and tell methods, manipulation of data in a text file Binary file: basic operations on a binary file: open using file open modes (rb, rb+, wb, wb+, ab, ab+), close a binary file, import pickle module, dump() and load() method, read, write/create, search, append and update operations in a binary file CSV file: import csv module, open / close csv file, write into a csv file using csv.writer() and read from a csv file using csv.reader( ) Data Structure: Stack, operations on stack (push & pop), implementation of stack using list.
Unit II: Computer Networks	Evolution of Networking: introduction to computer networks, the evolution of networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET) Data communication terminologies: the concept of communication, components of data communication (sender, receiver, message, communication media, protocols), measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching) Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared waves) Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, WIFI card) Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree) Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web hosting
Unit III: Database Management	Database concepts: introduction to database concepts and its need Relational data model: relation, attribute, tuple, domain, degree, cardinality, keys (candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key) Structured Query Language: introduction, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language, data type (char(n), varchar(n), int, float, date), constraints (not null, unique, primary key), create database, use database, show databases, drop database, show tables, create table, describe table, alter table (add and remove an attribute, add and remove primary key), drop table, insert, delete, select, operators (mathematical, relational and logical), aliasing, distinct clause, where clause, in, between, order by, meaning of null, is null, is not null, like, update command, delete command, aggregate functions (max, min, avg, sum, count), group by, having clause, joins: cartesian product on two tables, equi-join and natural join Interface of python with an SQL database: connecting SQL with Python, performing insert, update, delete queries using cursor, display data by using fetchone(), fetchall(), rowcount, creating database connectivity applications

CBSE Class 12 – Computer Science Practicals:

S.No.	Unit Name	Marks (Total = 30)
1	Lab Test: 1. Python program (60% logic + 20% documentation + 20% code quality)	8
1	2. A stub program with Python SQL connectivity must be provided with blanks (4 blanks) to be filled by the student with the desired SQL query.	4
2	Report file: (i) Minimum 15 Python programs. (ii) SQL Queries – Minimum 5 sets using one table / two tables. (iii) Minimum 4 programs based on Python – SQL connectivity	7
3	Project (using concepts learnt in Classes 11 and 12)	8
4	Viva voce	3

Suggested Practical List:

Python Programming
Read a text file line by line and display each word separated by a #. Read a text file and display the number of vowels/consonants/uppercase/lowercase characters in the file. Remove all the lines that contain the character ‘a’ in a file and write it to another file. Create a binary file with the name and roll number. Search for a given roll number and display the name, if not found display an appropriate message. Create a binary file with roll number, name and marks. Input a roll number and update the marks. Write a random number generator that generates random numbers between 1 and 6 (simulates a dice). Write a Python program to implement a stack using the list. Create a CSV file by entering user-id and password, and read and search the password for the given user id.
Database Management
Implements the following SQL commands on the student table: ALTER table to add new attributes/modify data type/drop attribute UPDATE table to modify data ORDER By to display data in ascending/descending order o DELETE to remove tuple(s) GROUP BY and find the min, max, sum, count and average A similar exercise may be framed for other cases. Integrate SQL with Python by importing suitable modules.
Suggested Reading Material for Computer Science NCERT Textbook for COMPUTER SCIENCE (Class XII) Support Materials on the CBSE website.
At Last, Make Computer Science Projects.

Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Economics Detailed Syllabus:

Macroeconomics deals with the study of the national economy as a whole. The notes of Class 12 Macroeconomics contain six chapters covering important topics, like National Income, Circular Flow of Income, Balance of Payment, Government Budget, and many more.

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics
Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates	Introduction to Macroeconomics Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics What is Factor Income and Transfer Income? Consumption Goods and Capital Goods Final Goods and Intermediate Goods What is Net Indirect Tax (NIT)? What is Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)? Circular Flow of Income: Meaning, Phases, Types, and Significance Difference between Real Flow and Money Flow Circular Flow of Income Leakages and Injections in Circular flow of Income National Income and Related Aggregates Domestic Income and Personal Income Private Income: Meaning, Types and Steps Personal, National, and Gross National Disposable Income Difference between Stock and Flow Circular Flow of Income and Methods of Calculating National Income Product or Value Added Method of Calculating National Income Expenditure Method of Calculating National Income Income Method of Calculating National Income Treatment of Different Items in National Income Treatment of Different Items in Domestic Income National Income at Current Price and Constant Price Difference between Nominal GDP and Real GDP GDP and Welfare GDP Deflator
Unit 2: Money and Banking	What is Barter System and Double Coincidence of Wants? Evolution and Definitions of Money Functions of Money Contingent, Static and Dynamic Functions of Money Classification of Money Demand for Money Monetary System in India Money Supply – Features and Measures Functions of Commercial Bank: Primary Functions and Secondary Functions Commercial Banks: Advantages and Disadvantages Credit Creation Money Multiplier Functions of Central Bank Difference between Commercial Bank and Central Bank
Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment	Components of Aggregate Demand Explain the Components of Aggregate Supply or National Income. What is Consumption Function (Propensity to Consume)? Types of Propensities to Consume Difference between APC and MPC What is Saving Function (Propensity to Save)? Types of Propensities to Save Difference between APS and MPS Relationship between different propensities (APC, MPC, APS and MPS) Explain the Derivation of Saving Curve from Consumption Curve. Investment Function: Induced Investment, Autonomous Investment and Determinants of Investment Difference between Induced Investment and Autonomous Investment Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Investment Full Employment and Involuntary Unemployment Determination of Equilibrium Level of Income: Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply Approach (AD-AS Approach) and Saving-Investment Approach (S-I Approach) Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Approach Saving-Investment (S-I) Approach How can we achieve equilibrium level? What is Investment Multiplier? Explain the working of Investment Multiplier. Short-run Fixed Price Analysis of Product Market What is Excess Demand? What is Deficient Demand? Difference between Excess Demand and Deficient Demand How to control Excess Demand? How to Control Deficient Demand? What are the different measures to control Excess Demand and Deficient Demand? Excess and Deficient Demand in Three-Sector Economy What is Fiscal Policy and how does it correct Excess Demand and Deficient Demand?
Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy	Government Budget and the Economy: Characteristics, Objectives and Components of Budget Revenue Receipt and Revenue Expenditure: Meaning and Classification Difference between Direct and Indirect Tax Capital Receipt and Capital Expenditure: Meaning and Sources of Capital Receipts Difference between Revenue Receipt and Capital Receipt Difference between Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure Measures of Government Deficit: Revenue Deficit, Fiscal Deficit and Primary Deficit Difference between Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit Difference between Primary Deficit and Fiscal Deficit Plan and Non-plan Expenditure Developmental and Non-developmental Expenditure
Unit 5: Balance of Payments	Foreign Exchange Rate: Meaning and Types Currency Depreciation and Currency Appreciation Types of Foreign Exchange Rate Demand and Supply for Foreign Exchange Determination of Exchange Rate Foreign Exchange Market: Functions and Types Fixed Exchange Rate System: Meaning, Merits and Demerits Flexible Exchange Rate System: Meaning, Merits and Demerits Balance of Payment and its Components: Capital and Current Account Difference between Current Account and Capital Account of BoP Difference between Balance of Payment and Balance of Trade Balance of Payments: Surplus and Deficit, Autonomous and Accommodating Transactions, Errors and Omissions

Economic Development is a wider concept than economic growth and deals with the programs, activities, and policies that aim at improving the economic well-being and quality of life of a country. The notes of Class 12 Indian Economic Development contain 10 chapters covering important topics, like World Trade Organisation, Economic Reforms, Agriculture, Industrial Sector, Sustainable Environment, GDP, Employment, Rural Development, Human Capital and Human Development, Unemployment, Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation, and many more.

Part B: Indian Economic Development
Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991	Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence Agriculture Sector on the Eve of Independence Industrial Sector on the Eve of Independence Foreign Trade and Demographic Condition on the Eve of Independence Occupational Structure and Infrastructure on the Eve of Independence Policies of British Rulers that led to Exploitation of Indian Economy Impact of Partition on the Indian Economy Indian Economy (1950-1990): Economic System adopted by Independent India Economic Planning during 1950-1990 India’s Five Year Plan Evaluation (Achievements and Failures) of Economic Planning till 1991 Agriculture during 1950-1990 Policies or Measures to Solve Agricultural Problems during 1950-1990 Green Revolution: Impacts, Achievements and Shortcomings Debate Over Subsidies to Agriculture Industries during 1950-1990 Industrial Policy Revolution, 1956 Foreign Trade during 1950-1990\|Trade Policy: Import Substitution P.C. Mahalanobis and His Contribution Economic Reforms: Need and Criticism of Economic Reforms New Economic Policy 1991: Objectives and Components Liberalisation: Meaning, Economic Reforms Adopted by Indian Government and Objectives Privatisation: Meaning, Disinvestment, Rationale and Obstacles to Privatisation in India What is Globalisation? Explain advantages, disadvantages and types of Globalisation. World Trade Organisation (WTO): Features, Functions and Objectives Impact of Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation Concept and Features of Demonetization Goods and Services Tax (GST) Poverty: Meaning, Characteristics, and Measures Difference between Relative Poverty and Absolute Poverty Poverty Line: Meaning, Determination, Types and Criticism Trends and Dimensions of Poverty in India Impact and Causes of Poverty What are the Government Approach to remove Poverty? Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India Measures to Remove Poverty Anti-Poverty Measures
Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy	Human Capital Formation: Meaning, Sources, Role and Importance Difference between Physical Capital and Human Capital Sources of Human Capital Formation Problems of Human Capital Formation Role of Human Capital on Economic Growth Difference between Human Capital and Human Development Human Capital Formation in India: Growth of the Education Sector in India Rural Development: Meaning, Significance, Process and Evaluation Rural Credit: Meaning, Purpose, Need, Sources and Critical Appraisal Sources of Rural Credit Agricultural Marketing: Meaning, Measures, Defects and Alternate Marketing Channels Agricultural Diversification: Needs, Benefits and Types Shift of Workforce from Agriculture to Other Activities Organic Farming: Meaning, Benefits, Challenges and Future Prospects of Organic Farming Employment: Meaning, Importance, Basic Terms of Employment and Participation of people in Employment Forms of Employment: Self and Wage Employment Distribution of Employment Growth and Changing Structure of Employment Informalisation of Indian Workforce Difference between Formal Sector and Informal Sector Unemployment: Meaning, Types, Causes, Effects and Remedial Measures Unemployment and its Types Infrastructure: Meaning, Characteristics, Importance and Types Energy Infrastructure Difference between Commercial and Non-commercial Sources of Energy Conventional vs Non-Conventional Sources of Energy Health Infrastructure in India Power Infrastructure: Sources, Challenges and Measures to meet Power Crisis Difference between Economic Infrastructure and Social Infrastructure Environment: Meaning, Functions, and Reasons for Environmental Crisis Environmental Degradation in India Causes and Impact of Environmental Degradation What are the measures to control Environmental Degradation ? Sustainable Development: Meaning, Objectives and Strategies
Unit 8: Development Experience of India	Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours: Introduction Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours: Demographic Indicators

Class 12 Geography Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Geography Detailed Syllabus

Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography (90 Periods)
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit 1: Human Geography: Nature and Scope (07 Periods)	The Naturalisation of Humans and Humanisation of Nature Human Geography through the Corridors of Time Fields and Sub-fields of Human Geography
Unit 2: People (20 Periods)	The World Population- distribution, density and Growth Population change – Components of population change, Demographic Transition Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons
Unit 3: Human Activities (32 Periods)	Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countries Secondary activities- concept; manufacturing: types – household, small scale, large scale; agro-based and mineral-based industries; Tertiary activities – concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities Quaternary activities- concept; people engaged in quaternary activities – a case study from selected countries
Unit 4: Transport, Communication and Trade (26 Periods)	Land transport – roads, railways; transcontinental railways Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes Air transport- Intercontinental air routes Oil and gas pipelines Satellite communication and cyberspace importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS International trade- bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; the role of WTO in international trade
Map Work on the identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline Physical/Political map of the World (05 Periods)

Part B: India: People and Economy (90 Periods)
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit 6: People (15 Periods)	Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of the population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in the growth of population
Unit 7: Human Settlements (10 Periods)	Rural settlements – types and distribution Urban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification
Unit 8: Resources and Development (30 Periods)	Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); agricultural development and problems Water resources-availability and utilization irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods-rain water harvesting and watershed management Mineral and energy resources- distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation Planning in India- target group area planning (case study); the idea of sustainable development (case study)
Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade (15 Periods)	Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks International trade- changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; seaports and their hinterland and airports
Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and Problems (15 Periods)	Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal Urbanization, rural-urban migration; problems of slums Land degradation
Map work on locating and labelling of features based on the above units on an outline map of India (05 Periods)

Part C: Practical Work in Geography Part II (40 Periods)
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping (25 Periods)	Type and Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and other sources Tabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of central tendency Representation of data- construction of diagrams: bars, circles and flowchart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleths maps
Unit 2: Spatial Information Technology (15 Periods)	Introduction to GIS; hardware requirements and software modules; data formats; raster and vector data, data input, editing and topology building; data analysis; overlay and buffer.

Class 12 History Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 History Detailed Syllabus:

PART – I
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilization	Broad overview: Early urban centres Story of discovery: Harappan civilization Excerpt: Archaeological report on a major site Discussion: How it has been utilized by archaeologists/ historians
Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies	Broad overview: Political and economic History from the Mauryan to the Gupta period Story of discovery: Inscriptions and the Decipherment of the script. Shifts in the Understanding of political and economic history. Excerpt: Ashokan inscription and Gupta period land grant Discussion: Interpretation of inscriptions by historians.
Chapter 3: Kinship, Caste And Class: Early Societies	Broad overview Social Histories: Using the Mahabharata Issues in social history, including caste, class, kinship and gender Story of discovery: Transmission and publications of the Mahabharat Excerpt: from the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by historians. Discussion: Other sources for reconstructing social history.
Chapter 4: Thinkers, Bliefes and Buildings: Cultural Developments	Broad overview A History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa A brief review of religious histories of Vedic religion, Jainism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism (Puranic Hinduism) Focus on Buddhism Story of discovery: Sanchi stupa Excerpt: Reproduction of sculptures from Sanchi Discussion: Ways in which sculpture has been interpreted by historians, and other sources for reconstructing the history of Buddhism.

PART-II
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers: Perceptions of Society	Broad Overview: outlines of social and cultural life as they appear in the traveller’s account Story of their writings: A discussion of where they travelled, what they wrote and for whom they wrote. Excerpts: from Al Biruni, Ibn Battuta, Francois Bernier. Discussion: What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have been interpreted by historians?
Chapter 6: Bhakti–Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts	Broad overview: Outline of religious developments during this period saints. Ideas and practices of the Bhakti-Sufi Story of Transmission: How Bhakti-Sufi compositions have been preserved. Excerpt: Extracts from selected Bhakti-Sufi works. Discussion: Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians.
Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara	Broad Over View: New Architecture: Hampi Outline of new buildings during Vijayanagar period-temples, forts, irrigation facilities. Relationship between architecture and the political system Story of Discovery: Account of how Hampi was found. Excerpt: Visuals of buildings at Hampi Discussion: Ways in which historians have analyzed and interpreted these structures.
Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire	Broad overview: The Aini-Akbari Structure of agrarian relations in the 16th and 17th centuries Patterns of change over the period Story of Discovery: Account of the compilation and translation of Ain I Akbari Excerpt: from the Ain-i-Akbari Discussion: Ways in which historians have used texts to reconstruct history.
Chapter 9: Kings and Chronicles: The Mughal Courts	The Mughals and Their Empire Different Chronicles of Mughals The Paintings of the Mughal Period Historical Text of Mughals: Akbar Nama and the Badshah Nama The Ideal Kingdom of the Mughal Empire Capitals and Courts of the Mughals The Mughal Household The Officials in Mughal Administration Jesuit Missionaries in the Mughal Court Akbar’s Quest for Religion

PART-III
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 10: Colonialism and the Countryside: Exploring Official Archives	Colonialism and Rural Society: Evidence from Official Reports Life of zamindars, peasants and artisans in the late18^thcentury Permanent Settlement, Santhals and Paharias Story of official records: An account of why official Investigations into rural societies were undertaken and the types of records and reports produced. Excerpts: From Fifth Report Discussion: What do the official records tell and do not tell, and how they have been used by historians?
Chapter 11: Rebels and the Raj: 1857 Revolt and its Representations	The events of1857-58 Vision of Unity How these events were recorded and narrated. Focus: Lucknow Excerpts: Pictures of 1857. Extracts from contemporary accounts. Discussion: How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had happened.
Chapter 12: Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement: Civil Disobedience and Beyond	The Nationalist Movement 1918 -48 The nature of Gandhian politics and leadership. Focus: Mahatma Gandhi and the three movements and his last days as “finest hours” Excerpts: Reports from English and Indian language newspapers and other contemporary writings. Discussion: How newspapers can be a source of history
Chapter 13: Framing the Constitution: The Beginning of a New Era	The Making of the Constitution an overview Independence and then a new nation-state. The making of the Constitution Focus: The Constituent Assembly Debates Excerpts: from the debates Discussion: What do such debates reveal and how they can be analyzed?

LIST OF MAPS
Book 1
1	Page 2	Mature Harappan sites: Harappa, Banawali, Kalibangan, Balakot, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Nageshwar, Lothal, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, KotDiji.
2	Page 30	Mahajanapada and cities : Vajji, Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, Panchala, Gandhara, Avanti, Rajgir, Ujjain, Taxila, Varanasi.
3	Page 33	Distribution of Ashokan inscriptions: Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas,Guptas Cities/towns: Mathura, Kannauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha Pillar inscriptions -Sanchi, Topra, Meerut Pillar and Kaushambi. Kingdom of Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.
4	Page 43	Important kingdoms and towns: Kushanas, Shakas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas,Guptas. Cities/towns: Mathura, Kanauj, Puhar, Braghukachchha, Shravasti, Rajgir, Vaishali, Varanasi, Vidisha
5	Page 95	Major Buddhist Sites: Nagarjunakonda, Sanchi, Amaravati, Lumbini, Nasik, Bharhut, BodhGaya, Shravasti, Ajanta.
Book 2
6	Page 174	Bidar, Golconda, Bijapur, Vijayanagar, Chandragiri, Kanchipuram, Mysore, Thanjavur, Kolar, Tirunelveli, Quilon
7	Page 214	Territories under Babur, Akbar and Aurangzeb: Delhi, Agra, Panipat, Amber, Ajmer, Lahore, Goa.
Book 3
8	Page 297	Territories/cities under British Control in1857: Punjab, Sindh, Bombay, Madras Fort St. David, Masulipatam, Berar, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Avadh, Surat, Calcutta, Daccan, Patna, Benaras, Allahabad and Lucknow.
9	Page 305	Main centres of the Revolt of 1857: Delhi, Meerut, Jhansi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Azamgarh, Calcutta, Benaras, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Agra, Avadh.
10		Important centres of the National Movement: Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Benaras, Amritsar, ChauriChaura, Lahore, Bardoli, Dandi, Bombay (Quit India Resolution), Karachi.

Class 12 Informatics Practices Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Informatics Practices Detailed Syllabus:

Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit 1: Data Handling using Pandas	Introduction to Python libraries- Pandas, Matplotlib Data structures in Pandas – Series and Data Frames. Series: Creation of Series from – ndarray, dictionary, scalar value; mathematical operations; Head and Tail functions; Selection, Indexing and Slicing. Data Frames: creation – from the dictionary of Series, list of dictionaries, Text/CSV files; display; iteration; Operations on rows and columns: add, select, delete, rename; Head and Tail functions; Indexing using Labels, Boolean Indexing Importing/Exporting Data between CSV files and Data Frames Data Visualization Purpose of plotting; drawing and saving the following types of plots using Matplotlib – line plot, bar graph, histogram Customizing plots: adding label, title, and legend in plots.
Unit 2: Database Query using SQL	Math functions: POWER (), ROUND (), MOD (). Text functions: UCASE ()/UPPER (), LCASE ()/LOWER (), MID ()/SUBSTRING ()/SUBSTR (), LENGTH (), LEFT (), RIGHT (), INSTR (), LTRIM (), RTRIM (), TRIM (). Date Functions: NOW (), DATE (), MONTH (), MONTHNAME (), YEAR (), DAY (), DAYNAME (). Aggregate Functions: MAX (), MIN (), AVG (), SUM (), COUNT (); using COUNT (*). Querying and manipulating data using Group by, Having, and Order by.
Unit 3: Introduction to Computer Networks	Introduction to networks, Types of network: LAN, MAN, WAN. Network Devices: modem, hub, switch, repeater, router, gateway Network Topologies: Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh. Introduction to Internet, URL, WWW, and its applications- Web, email, Chat, VoIP. Website: Introduction, the difference between a website and a webpage, static vs dynamic web page, web server and hosting of a website. Web Browsers: Introduction, commonly used browsers, browser settings, add-ons and plug-ins, cookies.
Unit 4: Societal Impacts	Digital footprint, net and communication etiquettes, data protection, intellectual property rights (IPR), plagiarism, licensing and copyright, free and open source software (FOSS), cybercrime and cyber laws, hacking, phishing, cyberbullying, an overview of Indian IT Act. E-waste: hazards and management. Awareness about health concerns related to the usage of technology.
Project Work
The aim of the class project is to create tangible and useful IT applications. The learner may identify a real-world problem by exploring the environment. e.g. Students can visit shops/business places, communities or other organizations in their localities and enquire about the functioning of the organization, and how data are generated, stored, and managed. The learner can take data stored in CSV or database files and analyze using Python libraries and generate appropriate charts to visualize. If an organization is maintaining data offline, then the learner should create a database using MySQL and store the data in tables. Data can be imported into Pandas for analysis and visualization. Learners can use Python libraries of their choice to develop software for their school or any other social good. Learners should be sensitized to avoid plagiarism and violation of copyright issues while working on projects. Teachers should take the necessary measures for this. Any resources (data, images etc.) used in the project must be suitably referenced. The project can be done individually or in groups of 2 to 3 students. The project should be started by students at least 6 months before the submission deadline.

Class 12 Political Science Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Political Science Detailed Syllabus:

Part A: Contemporary World Politics
Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 1: The End of Bipolarity (22 Periods)	The disintegration of the Soviet Union Unipolar World, Middle East Crisis – Afghanistan Gulf War Democratic Politics Democratization – CIS and the 21st Century (Arab Spring).
Chapter 2: New Centres of Power (18 Periods)	Organizations: European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, BRICS. Nations: Russia, China, Israel, India.
Chapter 3: Contemporary South Asia (18 Periods)	Conflicts and efforts for Peace and Democratization in South Asia: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives.
Chapter 4: United Nations and its Organizations (10 Periods)	Principle Organs, Key Agencies: UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, ILO, Security Council and the Need for its Expansion.
Chapter 5:Security in Contemporary World (12 Periods)	Security: Meaning and Types; Terrorism.
Chapter 6: Environment and Natural Resources (12 Periods)	Environmental Movements, Global Warming Climate Change Conservation of Natural Resources.
Chapter 7: Globalization (12 Periods)	Globalization: Meaning Manifestations Debates.

Part B: Politics in India Since Independence

Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 8: Challenges of Nation-Building (16 Periods)	Nation and Nation Building, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and Integration of States, Legacy of Partition: Challenge of Refugee, Resettlement, Kashmir Issue, Nehru’s Approach to Nation–Building, Political Conflicts over Language and Linguistic Organization of States.
Chapter 9: Planned Development (8 Periods)	Changing nature of India’s Economic Development, Planning Commission and Five-year Plans, National Development Council, NITI Aayog.
Chapter 10: India’s Foreign Policy (20 Periods)	Principles of Foreign Policy; India’s Changing Relations with Other Nations: US, Russia, China, Israel; India’s Relations with its Neighbours: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar; India’s Nuclear Programme.
Chapter 11: Parties and the Party Systems in India (30 Periods)	Congress System, Bi-party System, Multi-party Coalition System.
Chapter 12: Democratic Resurgence (30 Periods)	Jai Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution, Ram Manohar Lohia and Socialism, Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism, National Emergency, Democratic Upsurges – Participation of the Adults, Backwards and Youth.
Chapter 12: Regional Aspirations (36Periods)	Rise of Regional Parties, Punjab Crisis, The Kashmir issue, Movements for Autonomy.
Chapter 13: Indian Politics: Recent Trends and Developments (36 Periods)	Era of Coalitions: National Front, United Front, United Progressive Alliance [UPA] – I & II, National Democratic Alliance [NDA] – I, II, III & IV, Issues of Development and Governance.

Class 12 Psychology Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Psychology detailed Syllabus

Unit Name	Topics Covered
Chapter 1: Variations in Psychological Attributes	Introduction Individual Differences in Human Functioning Assessment of Psychological Attributes Intelligence Psychometric Theories of Intelligence, Information Processing Theory: Planning, Attention-arousal and Simultaneous successive Model of Intelligence, Triarchic Theory of Intelligence; Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Individual Differences in Intelligence Culture and Intelligence Emotional Intelligence Special Abilities: Aptitude: Nature and Measurement Creativity
Chapter 2: Self and Personality	Introduction Self and Personality Concept of Self Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self Culture and Self Concept of Personality Major Approaches to the Study of Personality Type Approaches Trait Approaches Psychodynamic Approach and Post-Freudian Approaches Behavioural Approach Cultural Approach Humanistic Approach Assessment of Personality Self-report Measures Projective Techniques Behavioural Analysis
Chapter 3: Meeting Life Challenges	Introduction Nature, Types and Sources of Stress Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and Health Stress and Health General Adaptation Syndrome Stress and Immune System Lifestyle Coping with Stress Stress Management Techniques Promoting Positive Health and Well-being Life Skills Positive Health
Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders	Introduction Concepts of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders Historical Background Classification of Psychological Disorders Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour Major Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorders Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorders Dissociative Disorders Depressive Disorder Bipolar and Related Disorders Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders Feeding and Eating Disorders Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Chapter 5: Therapeutic Approaches	Nature and Process of Psychotherapy Therapeutic relationship Types of Therapies Behaviour Therapy Cognitive Therapy Humanistic-Existential Therapy Alternative Therapies Factors contributing to healing in psychotherapy Ethics in Psychotherapy Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill
Chapter 6: Attitude and Social Cognition	Introduction Explaining Social Behaviour Nature and Components of Attitudes Attitude Formation and Change Attitude Formation Attitude Change Attitude-Behaviour Relationship Prejudice and Discrimination Strategies for Handling Prejudice
Chapter 7: Social Influence and Group Processes	Introduction Nature and Formation of Groups Type of Groups Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour Social Loafing Group Polarisation
Practical

CBSE Class 12 Sociology Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Sociology Detailed Syllabus

Part-A. INDIAN SOCIETY

Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit 1: Introducing Indian Society (0 Periods)	Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community (Non-evaluative)
Unit 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society (10 Periods)	Theories and Concepts in Demography Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions Population Policy in India
Unit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change (12 Periods)	Caste and the Caste System Tribal Communities Family and Kinship
Unit 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (18 Periods)	Social Inequality and Social Exclusion Systems Justifying and Perpetuating Inequality – Caste, Tribe, the Other Backward Classes Adivasi Struggles The Struggle for Women’s Equality and Rights The Struggles of the Differently Abled
Unit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity (22 Periods)	Cultural communities and the nation-state Regionalism in the Indian Context The Nation-state and religion-related issues and identities Communalism, secularism and the nation-state State and Civil Society
Unit 7 Suggestions for Project Work (10 Periods)

B. CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA (40 Marks)

Unit Name	Topics Covered
Unit 8: Structural Change (8 Periods)	Understanding Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization
Unit 9: Cultural Change (12 Periods)	Social Reform Movements Different Kinds of Social Change: Sanskritisation, Westernization, Modernization, Secularization
Unit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society (10 Periods)	Agrarian Structure: Caste & Class in Rural India Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian Society Green Revolution and its social consequences Transformation in Rural Society Circulation of labour Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society
Unit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society (12 Periods)	From Planned Industrialization to LiberalizationC How people find Jobs Work Processes: How work is carried out, working conditions, home-based work, Strikes and Unions
Unit 15: Social Movements (18 Periods)	Concept of Social Movements Theories and Classification of Social Movements Environmental Movements Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward Class/Castes, Trends in Upper Caste Responses Tribal Movements Women’s Movements in Independent India

Advantages of Knowing CBSE Class 12 Syllabus

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus provides a clear roadmap for preparing for the board exams.
The syllabus not only outlines the course structure and marks distribution but also focuses on a student’s overall growth and development through the CCE system.
CBSE Class 12 Syllabus, students can plan their studies effectively, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and work towards achieving their goals.
It is essential for students to thoroughly prepare for the exams, keeping in mind the prescribed content, and practising regularly to perform well in the Class 12 board exams.

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus is an essential part of a student’s academic journey as it sets the foundation for higher studies and future career prospects. The latest Class 12 NCERT Syllabus covers major subjects like Mathematics, Science, Social Science, Languages, and Skill-Based subjects, providing students with a diverse and holistic learning experience. It is crucial for students to go through the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus and gain an understanding of the topics they will be studying to plan their studies effectively and prepare for the exams. Our guide on CBSE Class 12 Syllabus aims to assist students in navigating the syllabus and provide them with a detailed overview of the course content, evaluation scheme, and other essential information.

FAQs on CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-2024

Q1: What is NCERT Class 12 Syllabus?

Answer:

The CBSE Class 12 Syllabus is a comprehensive document that lists all the topics and concepts that students need to study in each subject during the academic year.

Q2: Where can I download the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus for free?

Answer:

You can download the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus from the official website of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) or from other educational websites.

Q3: Is class 12 maths the same as commerce and science?

Answer:

No, the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus differs according to the stream the student has opted for, such as Science, Commerce, or Humanities.

Q4: What are the main subjects in CBSE Class 12?

Answer:

The CBSE Class 12 Syllabus covers major subjects such as Mathematics, Physics, Accounts, Social Science, Languages, and Skill-Based subjects.

Suggest improvement

CBSE Revision Notes for Class 12

Share your thoughts in the comments

Class 12 Science Notes

Class 12 Commerce Notes

Class 12 Solutions

Class 12 Science Notes

Class 12 Commerce Notes

Class 12 Solutions

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24 (Out) PDF Download

CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-24: List of Subjects

Class 12 English (Core) Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 English Core Detailed Syllabus:

Section A: Reading Comprehension through Unseen Passage (18 Marks)

Section B

Section C

Class 12 Maths Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Maths Detailed Syllabus:

Class 12 Physics Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Physics Detailed Syllabus:

Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Detailed Syllabus:

Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Biology Detailed Syllabus:

Class 12 Accountancy Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Accountancy Detailed Syllabus:

PART – A (ACCOUNTING FOR PARTNERSHIP FIRMS AND COMPANIES)

PART – B (FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS)

OR PART – B (COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING)

Class 12 Business Studies Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Business Studies detailed Syllabus:

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

Class 12 Computer Science Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Computer Science Detailed Syllabus:

CBSE Class 12 – Computer Science Practicals:

Suggested Practical List:

Suggested Reading Material for Computer Science

Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Economics Detailed Syllabus:

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Class 12 Geography Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Geography Detailed Syllabus

Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography (90 Periods)

Part B: India: People and Economy (90 Periods)

Class 12 History Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 History Detailed Syllabus:

PART – I

PART-II

PART-III

LIST OF MAPS

Class 12 Informatics Practices Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Informatics Practices Detailed Syllabus:

Class 12 Political Science Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Political Science Detailed Syllabus:

Part B: Politics in India Since Independence

Class 12 Psychology Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Psychology detailed Syllabus

Practical

CBSE Class 12 Sociology Syllabus 2023-24

CBSE Class 12 Sociology Detailed Syllabus

Part-A. INDIAN SOCIETY

B. CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA (40 Marks)

Advantages of Knowing CBSE Class 12 Syllabus

FAQs on CBSE Class 12 Syllabus 2023-2024

Q1: What is NCERT Class 12 Syllabus?

Q2: Where can I download the CBSE Class 12 Syllabus for free?

Q3: Is class 12 maths the same as commerce and science?

Q4: What are the main subjects in CBSE Class 12?

Please Login to comment...

Similar Reads

What kind of Experience do you want to share?